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Focusing on Combination Strategies, Resistance Mechanisms, and the Role of Precision Medicine in Tailoring Systemic
The therapeutic landscape for metastatic cancer—cancer that has spread from its primary site to distant organs—has been dramatically altered by the advent of potent immunotherapies and highly specific targeted agents, moving the goal of treatment from simple palliation toward durable disease control and, in some cases, long-term remission.
These systemic therapies focus on either directly inhibiting the molecular drivers of tumor growth and survival or, more recently and profoundly, harnessing the patient's own immune system to recognize and eradicate malignant cells that have disseminated throughout the body.
Targeted therapy, such as kinase inhibitors, is predicated on the principle of precision medicine, requiring the identification of specific, actionable genetic mutations (e.g., *BRAF*, *EGFR*, *ALK* mutations) in the tumor. The efficacy of these drugs is often high initially but is commonly challenged by the development of acquired resistance mechanisms, necessitating sequential therapy or combination regimens. **Immunotherapy**, particularly the use of **immune checkpoint…